The Cell, Important Scientists, and DNA :)

Biology Period 1

Thursday, January 6, 2011

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The Cell

There are many kinds of cells. There are prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, plant cells, animal cells, and more. Plant and animal cellls have many of the same types of organelles as eukaryotic cells do, but also have some that are unique to their own needs. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. while eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells can be multi-cellular or single-celled organisms. The cell is a complicated network of molecules all working together and doing their jobs to keep us functioning properly. The cell membrane controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell. It forms a boundary between the cell and the outside environment. The cells and systems in our body is what keeps us alive and healthy today.

the DNA structure

DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides, and each nucleotide has three parts, a phosphate group, a ring-shaped sugar called deoxyribose, and a nitrogen-containing base. the nucleotides differ only in their nitrogen-containing bases, cytosine (C), and thymine (T), have a single-ring structure, while adenine (A), and guanine (G) have a larger, double-ring sructure. DNA is consited of two strands that are an equal width apart. The shape of DNA is a double helix, or twisted ladder. The backbone of DNA is made of sugar-phosphate molecules. And the nitrogen-containing bases bond in the middle to form the rungs of the DNA ladder.

James Watson, and Francis Crick

Two important scientists that created a model using metal and wood to figure out the structure of DNA. Their models placed the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and the bases, which were made of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, on the inside. They found that adenine (A), and thymine (T), were paired together, and that cytosine (C), and guanine (G) were together.

Rosalind Franklin

A female scientist who took the first pictures of DNA. She discovered that when DNA is bombarded with x-rays, the atoms in DNA diffract the x-rays in a pattern that can be captured on film. The patterns of an angle on the X suggested that DNA is a helix consisting of two strands that are a regular width apart. Rosalind Franklin's data gave Watson and Crick the clues they needed to make a DNA model.

chloroplasts

Organelles that carry out photosythesis, a series of complex chemical reactions that convert solar energy into energy-rich molecules the cell can use.

cell wall

A rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell. In plants, algea, fungi, and most bacteria, the cell membrane is surrounded by a strong cell wall.

centrioles

Cylinder-shaped organelles made of shortmicrotubules arranged in a circle. The centrioles are perpendicular to each other.

lysosome

Membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes. They defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses.

vacuoles

A fluid-filled sac used for storage of materials needed by a cell. The materials may include water, food molecules, inorganic ions, and enzymes.

mitochondria

They are bean shaped and supply energy to the cell. Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.

vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within a cell.

golgi apparatus

Closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins. The golgi apparatus also packages proteins.

ribosomes

Tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form protiens. they are made of proteins and RNA themselves.

endoplasmic reticulum(ER)

An interconnected network of folded membranes.

the nucleus

The storehouse for most of the genetic information, or DNA, in your cells.

the cytoskeleton

A network of proteins that constantly changes to meet the needs of a cell. It's made of small protien subunits that form long threads, or fibers, that crisscross the entire cell.

the organelles of the cell.

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